英语

音标

词性

• **adj.**：形容词

• **n.**：名词

• **v.**：动词

• **prep.**：介词

  常见介词	意思
  in/on	里面/表面
  across/along	穿过/沿着
  over/under	在…上面/在…下面
  beside/near	在…旁边
  between	在…之间
  into/out of	进入/出来
  onto/off	上去/下来
  of	…的…
  for	为了

• **adv.**：副词

单词

国家

• China / Chinese：中国 / 中国人
• France / French：法国 / 法国人
• Germany / German：德国 / 德国人
• Japan / Japanese：日本 / 日本人
• Korea / Korean：韩国 / 韩国人
• Sweden / Swedish：瑞典 / 瑞典人
• UK or Britain / British：英国 / 英国人
• USA or America / American：美国 / 美国人
• Italy / Italian：意大利 / 意大利人
• Denmark / Danish：丹麦 / 丹麦人
• Norway / Norwegian：挪威 / 挪威人
• Russia / Russian：俄罗斯 / 俄罗斯人
• Holland / Dutch：荷兰 / 荷兰人
• Greece / Greek：希腊 / 希腊人
• Brazil：巴西
• Australia / Australian：澳大利亚 / 澳大利亚人
• Austria / Austrian：奥地利 / 奥地利人
• Canada / Canadian：加拿大 / 加拿大人
• Finland / Finnish：芬兰 / 芬兰人
• India / Indian：印度 / 印度人
• Nigeria / Nigerian：非洲 / 非洲人
• Turkey / Turkish：土耳其 / 土耳其人
• Poland / Polish：波兰 / 波兰人
• Thailand / Thai：泰国 / 泰国人

颜色

• color：颜色
• green：绿色
• brown：棕色
• red：红色
• grey / gray：灰色
• yellow：黄色
• black：黑色
• white：白色
• orange：橙色

四季

• spring
• summer
• autumn
• winter

月份

1. January：一月
2. February：二月
3. March：三月
4. April：四月
5. May：五月
6. June：六月
7. July：七月
8. August：八月
9. September：九月
10. October：十月
11. November：十一月
12. Deceber：十二月

星期

1. Monday：星期一

2. Tuesday：星期二

3. Wednesday：星期三

4. Thursday：星期四

5. Friday：星期五

6. Saturday：星期六

7. Sunday：星期日

方向

• north：北
• south：南
• west：西
• east：东

语法

一般疑问句

一个单词提到句首

例：

1. This is my handbag –> Is this my handbag?
2. Pardon？（没听清，请再说一遍）

特殊疑问句

特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句

特殊疑问词：

• What
• Where：哪里
• How：问程度，如何、怎样
• Whose：谁的
• Who：谁
• How many：多少

例：

1. My name is Leo –> What’s your name?
2. She is from Italy –> Where’s she from?
3. I’m find –> How are you？
4. this is her dress –> Whose dress is this？
5. This is Jim –> Who is this young man？

否定句

is + not

例：

1. This is my umbrella –> This is not my umbrella
2. Leo is here –> Leo is not here / Leo isn’t here
3. No, it isn’t

冠词

a / an + n.

• a + n.（首音标是辅音音标）
• an + n.（首音标是元音音标）

am/is/are

表示“是”、“在”和状态

• I + am
• You + are
• he/she/it + is

例子：

1. I’m a student
2. She is in the room
3. He is sleeping

‘s

n. + ‘s：…的

例：

1. This is Leo’s pen

复数

规则：

1. these：这些
2. 使用are
3. s、o、x、ch、sh结尾的单词加es
4. f、fe结尾的变v + es
5. 辅音字母+y结尾的，y变i + es

不规则：

1. man –> men
2. woman –> women
3. child –> children
4. tooth –> teeth

give sb. sth.

给某人某物

例:

• give me a pen

人称代词放动词后面时的变形

• I –> me
• you –> you
• he –> him
• she –> her
• it –> it
• we –> us
• they –> them

on

在…的上面

例：

• on the shelf：在架子上面

A of B

B的A

例：

• In the middle of the room：在房间的中间

There be a/ab A B

某地B有某物A

例：

• There is a table in the middle of the room：房间的中间有张桌子

some/any

陈述句里的some，在否定句和疑问句里要改成any

如果希望对方肯定回答时会用some

例：

• There are some chairs in the middle of the room –> Are There any chairs in the middle of the room?

可数/不可数名词

• 可数名词 cn.
• 不可数名词 un.
  1. 复数不用加s
  2. be动词用is

判断是否不可数：

1. 气体/液体
2. 组成过小，如：sand/grass/hair
3. 总称，如：food/fruit/money

不可数名词的形容词：

• some：一些

• half：一半

  half a pound of coffee

• a quarter of：1/4

  a quarter of pound of tea

• loaf：一条面包

  a loaf of bread

• piece：一片

• bottle：一瓶

情态动词

后面动词要为原型

Can

可以、能够

用法和be动词类似

Must

必须

用法和can类似

mustn’t：禁止做…

too/either

也

肯定用too、否定用either

频率副词

位置放在be动词后面和实义动词前面

• always ：总是
• usually ：通常
• often ：经常
• sometimes ：有时
• seldom ：很少
• never ：从不

例：

1. He is always late
2. They are usually busy
3. I usually get up early
4. She often eats pork

时间

询问时间：

1. What time is it？

2. What’s the time？

   it’s 3 o’clock

回答：

分钟数≤30时，可用：分钟 past 小时

1. half past 12：12点半
2. a quarter past 12：12点15分
3. 13 past 12：12点13分

分钟数>30时，可用：

1. 小时 : 分钟
2. 分钟 to 小时

1. 12:31
2. 10 to 12：差10分钟12点
3. a quarter to 12：差15分钟12点

have got

意思等同于have

例：

1. He has a car
2. He has got a car
3. Does he have a car？
4. Has he got a car？

many / much

在否定句 / 疑问句里常用，肯定句用 a lot of

区别：

• many修饰可数名词复数
• much修饰不可数名词

例：

• Do you have many books？
• I don’t have much money

May

May I …：我可以…吗

had better

最好去做….，否则有麻烦

结构：主语 + had better + 动词原形

例：

• You had better take an umbrella
• You’d better sleep
• You had better not eat food

人称代词

主格	宾格	形容词性物主代词	名词性物主代词
I	me	my	mine
she	her	her	hers
he	him	his	his
we	us	our	ours
they	them	their	theirs
you	you	your	yours

宾语从句

结构：

1. 主语 + v. + (that) + 从句

例：

• I know that he can play basketball

反义疑问句

确认事实，类似right？

结构：

1. 前肯后否、前否后肯
2. 前后人称时态保持一致

例：

• He doesn’t say very mush, does he？:他没有说太多，对吧？
• Leo is in Tokyo, isn’t he？
• Leo goes to school on foot，doesn’t he？
• Sam saw me last night, didn’t he？
• Cat can’t swim, can it？

比较级 / 最高级

构成：

1. 单音节形容词 + er / est

   单音节：只有一个元音音标

   small -> smaller -> smallest

   new -> newer -> newest

   old -> older -> oldest

2. 单词以e结尾 + r / st

   large -> larger -> largest

3. 辅音字母 + y结尾的，把y变i + er/est

   pretty -> prettier -> prettiest

4. 辅 + 元 + 辅，双写末尾 + er /est

   big -> bigger -> biggest

   hot -> hotter -> hottest

5. 不规则

   many/much -> more -> most

   little -> less -> least

   good -> better -> best

   bad -> worse -> worst

6. 多音节形容词：前面加more / most / less / least

用法：

1. 主语 + be + 比较级 + than + 比较对象
2. 主语 + be + the + 最高级 + (n.) + 范围
3. 主语 + be + the + 最高级 + (n.) + I’ve ever (met/seen等)

例：

• That man is older than this woman
• My father is the coolest guy in the world
• this is the craziest thing I’ve ever done
• Mother Teresa is the kindest woman I’ve ever know
• She is the most beautiful（三音节） woman in her family

little / few

结构：

1. a little + un. ：肯定含义
2. little + un. ：否定含义
3. a few + cn. ：肯定含义
4. few + cn. ：否定含义

例：

• There is a little milk in the fridge. You can drink that
• There is little milk in the fridge. We need to buy some
• I’ve a few friends, so I’m not lonely
• There are few apples in the fridge. It’s nearly empty

as…as

和…一样

例：

• The blue car is as clear as the red car
• He is as stupid as a donkey
• He is as slow as a snail（蜗牛）
• The woman is not as tall as the man

no/none

例：

• I have’t got any money == I have got no money
• We haven’t got any beer == We’ve got no beer == We’ve got none
• They aren’t any students == They’re no students == There’re none

时间状语从句

用法：

• while：在…… 期间，强调时间段、正在进行、持续动作
• when：强调时间点、瞬间动作、一… 就…

例：

• While I was reading, he came in
• When he arrived, we startd

定语从句

用来形容一个东西的外观、位置等，来确定是哪一个

结构：

• 修饰人用who / whom / that
  • 修饰主语可用 who / that
  • 修饰宾语可用 who / whom / that
• 修饰物用which / that
• 修是谁就紧跟谁

例：

• He is the man who met me yesterday：他就是昨天遇到我的人
• He is the man who I met yeesterday
• This is the letter which/that he sent me

时态

现在进行时

一个动作现在正在进行

结构：am/is/are + doing（v.doing 现在分词）

现在分词特殊变化规则：

1. 结尾e不发音的，去e + ing

   例：come -> coming，make -> making，dance -> dancing

2. 结尾双写 + ing（见到了记住就行）

   • run -> running
   • sit -> sitting
   • swim -> swimming
   • put -> putting

特殊疑问句：

1. What + am/is/are + 主语 + doing：…正在做什么

   例：what are they doing？

一般将来时

计划、打算

结构：am/is/are + going to do（do为动词原型）

口语中going to读gonna

特殊疑问句：

1. What + am/is/are + 主语 + going to do：….正要去做什么

   例：What is she going to do?

一般现在时

客观事实/存在状态，习惯动作

加do表示强调；第三人称单数要用does，没有do则要把动词变成+s的形式

动词变第三人称单数形式规则和名词基本一样

放在实义动词的前面

例：

1. 肯定句：
   • I do like tea：我确实喜欢茶（do表示强调）
   • He does want this job / He wants this job
2. 否定句（don’t）：
   • I do not want this job
   • I don’t like tea
3. 疑问句（do提前）：
   • Do you want this job？
     • Yes，I do
     • No，I don’t
   • What do you want？
   • Does he want this job?

一般过去时

过去的状态、过去发生的动作

am/is -> was

are -> were

do/does -> did

动词过去式：

1. 直接 + ed

2. 结尾e不发音的 + d

3. 辅音 + y结尾：变y为ied

4. 双写 + ed

   stopped，dropped

5. 不规则

   say -> said，go -> went，understand -> understood

   speak -> spoke，put -> put，buy -> bought，lose -> lost

   see -> saw，take -> took，find -> found，read -> read

   leave -> left，cut -> cut，eat -> ate，give -> gave

   meet -> met，swim -> swam，wear -> wore，get -> got

例：

1. 肯定句
   • We were at home in the morning
2. 否定句
   • They were not at school
   • She was not thirty
   • This wasn’t us
3. 疑问句
   • Was she hungry？
   • When was he at work？

现在完成时

1. 过去发生的动作，对现在有影响 / 结果;
2. 动作从过去一直持续到现在

过去分词变化规则：

• 规则：同过去式

• 不规则：

  be -> been、go -> gone、see -> seen、bring -> brought（带来）

结构：

• 肯定句：主 + have done（过去分词）
• 否定句：主 + have not done（过去分词）
• 一般疑问句：Have + 主语 + done（过去分词）

例：

• I have had lunch：我吃过午饭了
• I’ve just had a cup：我已经喝过一杯了
• Have you just been to a cinema？
• I have studies English for 10 years（动作持续到现在）

一般将来时

意愿、临时决定

结构：

1. 肯定句：will do（原型）
2. 否定句：will not / won’t
3. 一般疑问句：will 提到句首

例：

• I will help you：我来帮你（临时决定要帮）

过去进行时

结构：was / were + doing

例：

• I was doing my homehork at 8 o’clock last night
• We were swimming in the river at 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon

过去完成时

强调过去某个动作发生在另一个动作之前

结构：had + done（过去分词）

例：

• After I had seen the film，I read the book：看完了电影后，我看了书
• I read the book after I had senn the film：同上
• After I had sold the old car, I bought a new one
• After he had got out of the car, he said goodbye to the taxi driver
• Before they ate the dinner，they had wished their hands
• They had wished their hands before they ate the dinner

词组 / 短语

1. on the house：记在店家的账上，表达免费

   The drinks are on the house.

2. ticket：票

   1. one way ticket：单程票
   2. return ticket：往返票
   3. one ticket to …：去…的票

3. take my … / here is my …：给你我的….

4. it suits me：这适合我

5. 打招呼：

   1. Nice to meet you
   2. What’s up, man
   3. Sup, man

6. What brand is this？：这个是什么牌子的

7. What do you do for a living?：你是做什么工作的

8. Lazy bones：懒骨头

9. Perhaps it is：大概是

10. Here it is：在这儿

11. It is the same color：一样的颜色

12. My treat：我请客

13. on me / you：我/你请客

14. What’s the matter？：怎么了？

15. What’s wrong？：怎么了？

16. sit down：坐下

17. turn on / turn off：打开/关闭（电器等）

18. open / shut：开 / 关（门窗等）

19. take off：摘下、脱下

20. look at：看着

21. give me another month：再给我一个月

22. for sb.：给某人

23. in front of：在…前面

24. in the front of：在…前排

25. Be careful：小心

26. do with sth.：处理某事

    What is he going to do with the refrigerator

27. it’s over there：（用手指着）在那里

28. wait a minute：等一下

29. piece of cake：小菜一碟

30. do …：表示强调

    I do like tea

31. How do you like steak？：你要几分熟的牛排

32. come from：来自

    He comes from Greece

    Does he come from Greece？

    Where does he come from？

33. have a conversation：对话

34. live in 国家 / live at 门牌号：居住在…

35. on foot：用走着去

36. at the moment：在此刻

37. What’s the matter with you？：你有什么毛病（负面）

38. Shut your mouth：闭嘴

39. Take some medicine：吃药

40. lean out of：探出

41. enjoy yourself：玩得开心

42. the day before yesterday：前天

43. How many times：多少次

44. Suddenly：突然

45. go hand in hand：携手并进

46. buy us more time：给我们争取时间

47. a lot of：许多，可数不可数都可以用

48. have a drink：喝一杯

49. have fun / have a good time：玩得开心

50. make a mess：弄乱、制造混乱

51. have been/gone to：去过（回来了） / 去了（还没回来）

52. … yet：已经

53. … at all：完全

54. have a look at it == look at it：看看它

55. try to repair：尝试修理

56. turn it on：人称代词必须放中间，名词可以放后面也可以放中间

    turn off the TV、turn the TV off

57. pound / penny：英镑 / 便士

    It‘s was worth every penny：物有所值

58. for sale：待售

59. have the last word：有最后决定权

60. leave for：离开然后去某地

61. Are you sure about this？：你确定吗

62. too …：太…（负面）

    The wall is too high for me to climb

63. … enough：足够…

    this is big enough

64. cheer up：振作起来

65. want to do（动词原形） sth. / wanna do sth. ：想做….

    I want to buy a new car

66. tell sb. to do（动词原形） sth. ：告诉某人某事

    Please tell him to bring me some coffee

67. make a mistake：犯错

68. How do you spell “单词”：这个单词你怎么拼写

69. be full of：充满了…

    This letter’s full of mistake

70. would like：类似want,更委婉

    I would like some tea

    Would you like some tea？ = Do you like some tea？

71. would like + to do sth.：愿意去做某事

    I would like to help him

    Would you like to help him？

72. buy sth. on instalments：分期付款买

73. so + 助动词/情态动词/be + 主语（肯定） / neither + 助动词/情态动词/be + 主语（否定）：我也是

    助动词/情态动词/be就是疑问句提前的那个单词

    I have a happy family – so do I

    I don’t want work – Neither do I

    I can’t speank Chinese – Neither can I

74. have to：必须、不得不（客观原因）（must的必须是主观原因）

    I have to leave now

    I don’t have to leave now

    She has to leave now

    She doesn’t have to leave now

    和must的比较：

    • This is a terrible pary, we really must go home
    • This is lovely place, but I have to go home because of my daughter

75. must be：推测，一定是…

76. can’t be：推测，不是….

​

不规则动词变形

完全一样

原形	过去式	过去分词	中文
cut	cut	cut	切，割
put	put	put	放
read	read	read	读
set	set	set	放置
shut	shut	shut	关闭
hurt	hurt	hurt	受伤、伤害

过去式和过去分词一样

原形	过去式	过去分词	中文
buy	bought	bought	买
find	found	found	找到
get	got	got	得到
have	had	had	有；吃
hear	heard	heard	听见
leave	left	left	离开
lose	lost	lost	丢失
make	made	made	制作
meet	met	met	遇见
send	sent	sent	发送
sweep	swept	swept	扫
tell	told	told	告诉
sell	sold	sold	卖
spell	spelt	spelt	拼写
mean	meant	meant	意味

不一样

原形	过去式	过去分词
go	went	gone
see	saw	seen
do	did	done
come	came	come
eat	ate	eaten
take	took	taken
give	gave	given
drive	drove	driven
swim	swam	swum
rise	rose	risen
speak	spoke	spoken
fly	flew	flown
ride	rode	ridden
fall	fell	fallen
forget	forgot	forgotten